Furniture and Interiors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Furniture and Interiors - Essay Example Stickley's idea of good furniture was more on the utility side. His kind of furniture was created for everyday use and was quite durable as it was functional. Designer Frank Lloyd Wright an American architect, was in sharp contrast to Stickley because he had a more naturalistic approach combining the use of modern materials with landscape and waterfalls. Frank was credited to have beautifully designed the falling water house in 1936 in Pennsylvania, which stands as a milestone in American arts and craftsmanship. He ensured that there was perfect harmony both from the inside as well as the surrounding environment because he cared both for the human being as well as for nature. Both Stickley and Frank Lloyd believed that wood has to be admired in its most natural form instead of bending, molding them into different shapes. They believed that the dramatic woody patterns of its grains would be emphasized if cut in straight lines.

Response Paper Essay Example for Free

Response Paper Essay The authors main argument is that the underclass ideology which says that the black underclass is a worthless, unwise, indiscriminate reproductive source of   an unproductive poor class of America as against the   affluent white American society, is actually a â€Å"distraction from the fact that poor urban African Americans are the ones who cannot find jobs , cannot attend good schools and   have nowhere to live† (Williams 360) because the white counterpart citizens exploit their poverty for their own welfare and selfish gains through Government Authorities and Banks under the guise of Credit Cards, Equity and Mortgage loans and the Federal Reserve Board Regulations. The argument is aimed The Americans and the Research Bodies of the underclass ideology who make such false claims. The author’s audience is the American citizen, Government Authorities who support these ideologies and the Mass media who promote it to misguide the masses against the underclass of African Americans and other minority communities in USA. The argument of the author proves the relevance of the underclass ideology to the discipline of anthropology as it exposes how the black African American community has been a victim of mock welfare and plastic partners- namely the credit cards and Banks.   The debt and poverty image of such people is as much the result of their deprivation of basic facilities by the Government as also by the fact that their spending habits are governed by their social, cultural, interpersonal relationships and attitudes which is the subject of Anthropology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Works Cited Sanjek, R. Gregory, S. et al. â€Å"The Reproductive Underclass†. New Brunswick, H5, Rutgus University Press, 1994.

The Metamorphosis of Johnny Tremain :: Tremain

The Metamorphosis of Johnny Tremain Johnny Tremain is like a butterfly; he went through a transformation. Johnny Tremain is a book by Esther Forbes about a crippled boy during the American Revolution and the events he endures. Johnny Tremain was a very dynamic character because people and events affected him. People change main characters in many books. Johnny Tremain is no exception. In Johnny's case it was the Lyte and the Lapham families. Both the Lapham family and the Lyte family probably did not mean to change Johnny, but they did. Johnny was orphaned after his mother died but was able to stay in the Lapham's house and to be an apprentice to Mr. Lapham, an elderly silver smith who educated Johnny in this art. He was always Mr. Lapham's favorite because Johnny was the finest apprentice out of the three that were there until Dove, one of the apprentices, passed Johnny a cracked crucible. Johnny's thumb then got grown into his palm when he healed. After the injury, Mr. Lapham and the whole family found Johnny useless and queer (because of his thumb). " `Don't touch me! Don't touch me with that dreadful hand!' Issanah squealed." After then Johnny grasped the fact that he went from the top to the bottom in a matter of days. It taught him that nothing is forever. Furthermore, M rs. Lapham a widowed mother of four, was probably the cruelest Lapham of all, after he got crippled. She told him that he was only good for picking rags. She also virtually shooed Johnny out of the house. This made Johnny go find a better life outside of the Lapham's shop. It also taught him to be independent. There is usually more than one family that changes a dynamic character like Johnny. The Lyte family also helped Johnny in his transformation. The Lyte's are Johnny's rich relatives that claim they are not related to Johnny. Johnny has a silver cup to prove his relation, but the Lytes still deny any relation to Johnny and claim that he stole the cup from them. When Johnny was first looking for a job, he thought he could go to the Lytes and ask for some money.

Educational Goals and Philosophy :: Teaching Careers Education Essays

Educational Goals and Philosophy When I first came to Concord, there was no doubt that teaching would be my major. I have always been so inspired by teachers and thought that they put a lot of effort into their work. I can remember the teachers that actually reached me and touched my heart. I'll never forget them or the experience. It is so amazing how many lives a teacher must touch. A teacher has the power to reach out and make learning a memorable experience for every child. My main goal is to be a kindergarten or special education teacher. I love working with young children that don't pick up on things as quickly as the others. I love to watch their eyes light up whenever I help them realize that they can do it, too. Throughout my years of teaching, I hope to be a friend to these children. I want their first year of school to be a memorable one. I'm hoping that they will enjoy being in my class. The children in my classroom that are behind will have me working my hardest to help them catch up. It is a known fact that when young children fall behind in the early years of school, they never catch back up with their peers. That breaks my heart. Every child deserves a fair chance. Each of these students have a variety of background knowledge. Some might not have any because their parents don't work with them. Others might have parents that work with them every night. A teacher has to consider these factors when assessing their ability. The ability and actual knowledge might not balance out. I want the nature of my students to be open-minded and willing to take a chance to learn new things. This involves trust. My students will have to trust me. Whenever I give assignments they don't quite understand, I want them to feel comfortable coming to me for help. I want them to know that no matter what the problem is, I will be there. I don't want to be so intimidating that they feel afraid to ask me for help. A teacher's job is to me a mentor, but also a friend.

Finders keepers my ethical dilemma Essay

Introduction My mother always told me I must learn to think for myself, question a situation and most importantly, I must learn to say ‘NO’, cause when the devil shows or makes you an unbelievable offer it’s harder than you think to say ‘NO’. Regardless of ethnicity, religion or culture when faced with a moral dilemma there is no telling how you would react or what your decision will be, even if you grew up as a devout Catholic like I did, and were expected to obey the Ten Commandments till the day you die or ‘burn for eternity in hell!’, or if you are lucky, spend part of eternity in purgatory atoning for you sins. Often we are placed in situations that test our ethical resolve. Lapses in ethics due to a dilemma can occur because of the simplest of issues like a need or fear. A dilemma is a situation requiring a choice between equally undesirable alternatives. An ethical dilemma can also be known as a moral dilemma or temptation. Moral temptations are viewed as â€Å"the right choice verses the wrong choice†. The right choice is not necessarily the easy choice. Any situation in which there are two choices to be made, neither of which resolves the situation in an ethically acceptable fashion nor provides a satisfactory outcome for the chooser adequately describes a dilemma. Ethical dilemmas assume that the chooser will abide by societal norms, such as codes of law or religious teachings, in order to make the choice ethically impossible. Knowing how to best resolve difficult moral and ethical dilemmas is never easy. Situation I Found Myself In Three years ago I left my job as a teacher to work in an employment agency to gain ipractical accounting experience. Not long after I started working the owner fired her sister and sister-in-law leaving me as the only member of staff. In December of that same year a pastor well known to my employer came into the office and placed an envelope on the chair next to where he sat down. He got up and left the envelope there. Firstly, I had no idea the envelope contained. So when I saw the envelope I thought it was empty and I was pretty annoyed that this man had left an empty envelope on the chair and didn’t have the courtesy to throw his rubbish in the bin!! So instead of taking the initiative to throw the envelope in the bin, I left it there. Yes I left it there on the chair. Secondly thing you should know is that my boss and I were not on the best terms. My boss obviously irritated that I made no attempt to throw the envelope in the bin asked me to do so. As I picked up the envelope I realized it was not empty, I looked inside only to become conscious that not only was it not empty, but it actually contained a large sum of money in one hundred dollar bills. In fact it contained thirty thousand dollars. Yes, THIRTY THOUSAND! My dilemma at that very moment was whether to confirm to my boss that envelope was empty throw it in the bin and take the money when she left the office or let her know the envelope contained a large sum of money and it is possibly belonged to the pastor. But what if it did not belong to the pastor? I would lose out on some much needed money and besides, if it did not belong to the pastor we may not be able to find out who it belonged to. And I believe in my heart of hearts if we did not find who it belonged to my boss would have claimed the money herself. Finding the rightful owner could have been a challenge, as a great deal of different people passed through the office on a daily basis, most of whom we did not know and the pastor was not the only one in the office at the time. I needed the money, Christmas was right around the corner and getting presents for the family that year was going to be a challenge as my salary was less than it was previously. Here I was faced with a way out, but what should I do? It will help, surely help and with a little left over for the future it couldn’t hurt! This predicament can be examined through the paradigm of right verse right or right verses wrong. A paradigm refers to the framework or pattern of thought we use to determine and perceive events surrounding us. It is considered as the lens we see our life through, helping us to interpret the world around us and determine how we interact with this world. Our paradigm is infused with prejudice, assumptions, expectations and beliefs from which our values ethics and rules flow. On one hand wrong argues ‘finders keepers’, how it could be wrong to keep something that may not make it to the right person any way. On the other hand right argues that keeping something that don’t belong to you without trying to genuinely find the rightful owner or taking an action that will deny the rightful owner the opportunity to recover their lost item is as good as stealing. It is against the law to take something that doesn’t belong to you and you can go to jail if caught and convicted. Regardless of religion or social strata, honesty, responsibility, fairness, respect and compassion are considered the five main values. You only need to fail in one; if you’re not honest you will still be considered unethical even if you’re fair, responsible, and deeply compassionate. Without realizing it our actions and response to ethical situations is guided by the principles of ethical decision making. According to Kidder there are three such principles. The first is called Ends-Based Thinking: doing whatever is needed to produce the greatest good for greatest number. The second is The Rule Based Thinking: which focuses on what we ought to do rather than what we think is best and or might work. Third is the Care– Based Thinking: which is chiefly based on the golden rule â€Å"do onto others as you will have them do unto you†. The use of these principles is to help you determine the correct course of action when faced with a dilemma, not provide an automatic solution to moral problems and issues. So here I am with thirty thousand dollars in my hand. I had no idea it was that much at the time and the only thing I can think is I started asking myself questions and turning over the answers in my mind. The first thing I asked is what are the benefits of keeping this money? Is it fair? What if the person trace back their steps what would I say? What if it is for something important? If I was in this same situation how will I feel? Will I want this person to do everything in his power to give me back my money? WHAT IF I GET CAUGHT? What then? Is this the person I want to become? And my answers at the time was ‘Screw religion yes it is fair, I found it fair and square’. I don’t have to worry about getting what I need done I have more than I need now. So what if he comes back it’s just not here and if I am really good, which I was and still am, I won’t get caught. But if I were in that situation I would be devastated and would want whoever found it to remember me and try to get it to me. But I also did not want to become that person who has to think twice about being honest. So when my boss passed by and asked is there anything in the paper I opted to do unto others as I will have them do unto me as the care base thinking commands. I turned to her and said ‘yes’ with a shocked expression on my face ‘it has money a lot of money. I think it belongs to the pastor’. The money was returned to the pastor; I was out an extra thirty thousand dollars and had a guilt free conscience. In the end when dealing with moral issues and dilemmas riddled with moral complications we must deliberate for ourselves, keeping a careful eye on both the facts and on the ethical considerations involved. No situation is just cut and dry. Having good intentions and intuition is not all. Living an ethical life, being a good person, requires a disciplined commitment to think and act in accordance with the fundamental principles of right and wrong. Bibliography 2009 Loyola Marymount University. (n.d.). Resolving an Ethical Dilemma. Retrieved July 28 th, 2013, from http://www.lmu.edu/copyright LoveToKnow, Corp. (2013, May Wednesday). Ethical dilemma Examples. Retrieved july 29th, 2013, from Your Dictonary Examples: http://examples.yourdictionary.com/ethical-dilemma-examples.html  © Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc.. (2013). dilemma. (n.d.). Retrieved July 28th, 2013, from Dictonary.com: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/dilemma Free Dictionary. (2013, January). paradigm-difinition of paradigm by the free online dictonary,thesaurus and encyclopedia. Retrieved July 27th, 2013, from The Free Dictionary: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/paradigm Heathfield, S. M. (2013, January). Workplace Ethics- Did you bring your Ethics To Work Today. Retrieved July 29, 2013, from About.com Human Resources: http://humanresources.about.com/od/businessethics/qt/workplace-ethics.htm Josephson, M. (2010, December 4th). The Groung Rules of Ethics. Retrieved August 2 nd, 2013, from Business Ethics and Leadership: http://josephsoninstitute.org/business/blog/2010/12/the-ground-rules-of-ethics/ R.Komives, S., Lucas, N., & R.McMohan, T. (2007). Chapter 6 Leading with Integrity and Moral Purpose. In Exploring Leadership second edition (pp. 179-211). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. The Contrarian . (2013, January). The Paradigm Problem: Everything You KnowIs Wrong. Retrieved August 1st, 2013, from Contrarianism An assult of thought on the unthinking: http://www.contrarianism.net/2011/04/04/the-paradigm-problem-everything-you-know-is-wrong/

hamilton and jefferson essays

hamilton and jefferson essays Jefferson and Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton resulted in the formation of the first political parties. The Federalists adopted Hamilton's philosophies; Jefferson helped bring together the Democratic-Republican party. The views and ideas of these two political parties are still seen everywhere in government today, both Hamilton and Jefferson had extremeley important insight on how the government should be ran. What was to be Jefferson's chief problem for many years soon became apparent. He and Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton were completely at odds in their thinking. Jefferson, with his faith in the rational mind and his optimistic view of popular government, placed his trust in the land and the people who farmed it. He believed that the purpose of government was to assure the freedom of its individual citizens. With his fear of tyranny, he distrusted centralization of power and favored instead the spread of power among the federal, state, and local levels of government. Thomas Jefferson said, A people having sovereign power should do for itself all it can do well, and what it cannot do well, it must do through its ministers. The people...need to be guided by a council or a senate. But in order for people to trust it, they must elect its members... The people are admirable for choosing those to whom they should entrust some part of their authority. Hamilton, on the other hand, distrusted popular rule. "The people!" he once exclaimed, "the people is a great beast!" Whereas Jefferson favored an economy based on agriculture that stressed individual freedom, Hamilton worked to promote commerce, industry, and a strong central government, under which, he believed, the economy would flourish. He believed that to preserve order and the alliance between business and government, the moneyed class and the wealthy aristocracy should hold all political power. Jefferson retorted, ...

Free Essays on F.D.R

F.D.R. â€Å"Yesterday April 12, 1945 President Franklin Roosevelt died of a stroke at Warm Springs, Georgia. Assuming the Presidency at the depth of the Great Depression, Franklin D. Roosevelt helped the American people regain faith in themselves through fireside chats. He brought hope as he promised prompt, vigorous action, and asserted in his Inaugural Address, "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself." Born in 1882 at Hyde Park, New Yorknow a national historic sitehe attended Harvard University and Columbia Law School. On St. Patrick's Day, 1905, he married Eleanor Roosevelt. Following the example of his fifth cousin, President Theodore Roosevelt, whom he greatly admired, Franklin D. Roosevelt entered public service through politics, but as a Democrat. He won election to the New York Senate in 1910. President Wilson appointed him Assistant Secretary of the Navy, and he was the Democratic nominee for Vice President in 1920. In the summer of 1921, when he was 39, disaster hit-h-e was stricken with poliomyelitis. Demonstrating indomitable courage, he fought to regain the use of his legs, particularly through swimming. At the 1924 Democratic Convention he dramatically appeared on crutches to nominate Alfred E. Smith as "the Happy Warrior." In 1928 Roosevelt became Governor of New York. He was elected President in November 1932, to the first of four terms. By March there were 13,000,000 unemployed, and almost every bank was closed. In his first "hundred days," he proposed, and Congress enacted, a sweeping program to bring recovery to business and agriculture, relief to the unemployed and to those in danger of losing farms and homes, and reform, especially through the establishment of the Tennessee Valley Authority. By 1935 the Nation had achieved some measure of recovery, but businessmen and bankers were turning more and more against Roosevelt's New Deal program. They feared his experiments, were appalled because he had taken... Free Essays on F.D.R Free Essays on F.D.R F.D.R. â€Å"Yesterday April 12, 1945 President Franklin Roosevelt died of a stroke at Warm Springs, Georgia. Assuming the Presidency at the depth of the Great Depression, Franklin D. Roosevelt helped the American people regain faith in themselves through fireside chats. He brought hope as he promised prompt, vigorous action, and asserted in his Inaugural Address, "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself." Born in 1882 at Hyde Park, New Yorknow a national historic sitehe attended Harvard University and Columbia Law School. On St. Patrick's Day, 1905, he married Eleanor Roosevelt. Following the example of his fifth cousin, President Theodore Roosevelt, whom he greatly admired, Franklin D. Roosevelt entered public service through politics, but as a Democrat. He won election to the New York Senate in 1910. President Wilson appointed him Assistant Secretary of the Navy, and he was the Democratic nominee for Vice President in 1920. In the summer of 1921, when he was 39, disaster hit-h-e was stricken with poliomyelitis. Demonstrating indomitable courage, he fought to regain the use of his legs, particularly through swimming. At the 1924 Democratic Convention he dramatically appeared on crutches to nominate Alfred E. Smith as "the Happy Warrior." In 1928 Roosevelt became Governor of New York. He was elected President in November 1932, to the first of four terms. By March there were 13,000,000 unemployed, and almost every bank was closed. In his first "hundred days," he proposed, and Congress enacted, a sweeping program to bring recovery to business and agriculture, relief to the unemployed and to those in danger of losing farms and homes, and reform, especially through the establishment of the Tennessee Valley Authority. By 1935 the Nation had achieved some measure of recovery, but businessmen and bankers were turning more and more against Roosevelt's New Deal program. They feared his experiments, were appalled because he had taken...

How to Write a Dissertation in Shakespeare Studies the Only Guide You Need for Success

How to Write a Dissertation in Shakespeare Studies the Only Guide You Need for Success A dissertation is an academic paper that details your research and findings on a particular topic and is the result of the work you carried out as a part of your efforts to earn an academic degree. In fact, the quality of your dissertation accounts for 90 percent of how your candidature is going to be evaluated, which means that you should spare no effort in gathering information, doing research and writing it up. A dissertation is an extremely time-consuming, complex and just plain difficult assignment to write, as it requires you to choose a sufficiently original venue of research, comprehensively study the existing body of literature on the subject, carry out your research following a carefully established methodology and provide plenty of proof for your hypothesis. There can be no half-measures: dissertation committees are always extremely strict and attentive to details in their evaluations, and even mild mistakes or flaws can mean rewriting the entire work from scratch or even having to choose another subject and start over. When it comes to Shakespeare studies, things are even more complicated. It is a narrow field that has a rather firmly delineated research methods and principles, and it is quite easy to make an error that will force you to, at the very least, rewrite huge swathes of your work. How to Choose an Original Topic for Your Shakespeare Studies Dissertation One of the main problems you are going to encounter when selecting a topic for your dissertation is that Shakespeare studies is a fairly narrow field that has been meticulously and systematically studied for centuries. It is limited to the works of a single author, and it is only very rarely that something genuinely new is discovered about them. In effect, you have to find a new topic in a field that has been picked clean of any original research questions – ultimately it can turn out to be a greater challenge than the writing per se. However, there are ways to streamline the process of selection and make sure you find a reasonably creative topic. 1. Focus on a Particular Work With about 40 plays, over 150 sonnets, two long narrative poems and a few other smaller works attributed to William Shakespeare, you have a lot to choose from. Focus on a specific work is a viable option. However, each of them has already been the subject of its fair share of research, which means that generic topics like â€Å"The Image of Caliban in The Tempest† are not a very good idea. Try looking for an unusual angle to study the work of your choice, for example: Comparison with another of Shakespeare’s writings; Specific element of imagery or symbolism in the play; Its relation to other Shakespeare’s works of the period; Shakespeare’s interpretation of the historical setting he uses; Popular scholarly arguments related to the play; Peculiarities of language and rhetorical devices used in this particular writing. 2. Focus on the Authorship of the Writing For the most prominent playwright in the English literature, surprisingly little is known about Shakespeare, his life and work. Even now scholars are not 100 percent sure that he wrote all the texts attributed to him by general consensus, and different authorities have different opinions on the provenance of some of these works. Some texts, like Arden of Faversham, have possibly been written by Shakespeare, with no comprehensive evidence for or against it. Others, like Edward III, have been printed anonymously and have strong indications of at least partial authorship by Shakespeare. Still others, like Henry VIII, were collaborations between Shakespeare and other authors, but nobody knows for sure which parts were written by whom. Other, less popular theories, claim that Shakespeare did not even write the plays commonly attributed by him, and even that Shakespeare himself was no more than a collaborative pseudonym of a group of writers. All this opens a rich venue for research. 3. Focus on Historical Background and How It Is Reflected in Shakespeare’s Work The theatre of the Elizabethan age was quite different from what we are used to now, and it is important to take into account that Shakespeare wrote his plays with contemporary realia in mind. It is commonly known that women were not allowed on stage during this period; there are, however, many more peculiarities that influenced the way Shakespeare constructed his plays. For example, Elizabethan theatre typically used large stages that could accommodate many people at once, which allowed for large scenes, sometimes divided into several individual smaller scenes indicating events happening simultaneously. At the same time, the audience was seated far closer to the scene than today, with a sharp vertical gradient – this means that actors could talk in stage whispers and still be heard by all attending. These are just two examples of how the medium influenced the plays – you can dig further and find other factors. 4. Focus on a Specific Theme across Multiple Works Like any other writer, Shakespeare had a number of themes that dominated more than one of this works. You can choose one of them and analyze its importance across several texts. The themes can range from something simple and self-evident, like love, friendship or politics, to complex ideas of your own creation. 5. Focus on Shakespeare’s Language The English used by Shakespeare was very different from the English we all are used to today, to the point that his unadapted texts are almost unintelligible for a modern English speaker without a hefty dose of references. Not only did the language go through many changes since then, but it also was far less standardized at the time, which leads to further confusion. Naturally, all this opens up great possibilities for research, aimed at such things as: Alternative translations of words and phrases; Alternative interpretations of the more obscure fragments of the original texts; Deeper analysis of meaning based on better understanding of particular words and phrases; And so on. All in all, despite Shakespeare’s work having been thoroughly studied for generations, there are still topics to be researched. Here are some ideas you may find useful: The Role of Structure in Expression of the Meaning in Shakespearean Sonnets; Parent-Children Relations in Shakespearean Plays and Their Connection to the Poet’s Family; Shakespearean Fool as the Voice of Reason at the Center of Insane World; Edward III and Its Authors: Shakespeare’s Role in the Play’s Creation; The Influence of the Principles of Elizabethan Theatre on the Structure of Julius Caesar. How to Properly Structure Your Dissertation in Shakespeare Studies A dissertation is a highly complex piece of work, with different colleges and other educational institutions having their own ideas of how exactly one should structure it. This means that the plan we offer here is just a recommendation – if your supervisor gives you instructions that differ or contradict what you see here, you should naturally follow the guidelines provided by your university. For example, a dissertation may be structured as a long essay, with a main thesis, an argument supporting it flowing through the entire body of the paper and chapters covering individual points or themes. However, what you will find here can help you better understand what you should write in different parts of your paper if they are present in the structure you are offered. Title Page The requirements for a title page differ from college to college and professor to professor, but normally you put all identifying information about your paper here: its title, your name and department, your college, degree program you write your dissertation for, submission date, etc. Ask your supervisor what exactly and in what order you should write. Acknowledgements An optional part to list everybody you want to thank for their help in writing the dissertation. Abstract Here you provide a short summary of your research. Although it usually goes as the first meaningful part of a dissertation, it should be that last part of it you write, because by the time you work on it you should already know how your research went and what results you achieved. A typical abstract is about 200-300 words long and contains: The main topic and purpose of your research; Your methodology; The most important results; Conclusions you have come to. Despite its negligible size, an abstract is probably the most important part of a dissertation, as it is the first (and often the only) part of it that the audience reads. So make sure it is short, clear and to the point. Table of Contents This part contains all the headings and subheadings of your dissertation along with the accompanying page numbers. Make sure you include all parts here, including the appendices. Glossary This part should be included if you used many obscure terms and expressions that some of the readers may not know. Put them in alphabetical order and give short definitions. Introduction Introduction leads up to the main part of your research, and should delineate your dissertation’s topic, define your research goals and explain why your work is important and relevant. It performs the following functions: Names the topic and provides basic background data; Defines the focus of your research and separates it from irrelevant information; Provides a short overview of the existing research on the subject matter, mentioning how your work refers to it, why it is necessary and what new information you hope to uncover; Defines the questions you want to answer and sets your goals; Gives a short overview of the paper’s structure. The introduction should answer three questions: what, why and how you intend to research. Answer them in as few words and as directly as you can. Literature Review No academic work exists in isolation, especially in such a heavily researched field as Shakespeare studies. In this part, you show that you have sufficient knowledge of the existing literature on the subject. This means that by the time you write this part you should: Gather relevant sources. The majority of them should come from peer-reviewed academic journals and books by recognized authorities on Shakespeare, although other sources should be used as well. The best approach is to maintain balance: use some high-authority sources and other types, such as websites, bestselling books and so on, to show the breadth of your research. You can find most sources you need using online academic search engines and databases like Google Scholar, EBSCO Academic Search or JSTOR; Evaluate and sift through them. Some sources are biased or affiliated with organizations that may be the source of tendentious conclusions. Before using a source, try to define if it is to be trusted; Make conclusions based on the bigger picture. You should not just summarize everything that was written on the subject so far, but also show the existing books and articles in relation to each other. For example, you can identify gaps in the research that your work will fill in, conflicts between the existing points of view that you aim to resolve, patterns that can be drawn further, to cover additional works by Shakespeare and so on. Methodology A dissertation is not a freeform assignment; it has to be carried out following a particular set of methods, and in this section, you have to enumerate and explain them. What exactly this section should include depends on the nature of your research, but most often this is: Research type (e.g., qualitative or quantitative); Data collection methods (archives, linguistic analysis, etc.); Information on where and how you have obtained your data; Analysis methods; Equipment and tools you used (e.g., software); Problems you have encountered and how you have dealt with them. This section should carefully describe what and how you did and persuade the reader that your choice of methods was optimal for the chosen research. Results and Discussion Sometimes these constitute a single section, sometimes they are separated – refer to your professor and college guidelines to know for sure. In Results, you enumerate all your findings that are relevant to your original research questions. In Discussion, you analyze what the results of your research mean in relation to research questions and the existing body of research on the topic. Did you expect these results? How can your findings be interpreted alternatively? What are the limitations of your research? What could have influenced the outcome of your work? Conclusion Here you give the answer to your main research question, reflect on your work in its entirety, how you approached your task and point out promising potential venues for further research based on your findings. This section should make it clear how your dissertation added to the existing knowledge on Shakespeare’s work and why it was worth doing. How to Edit Your Dissertation on Shakespeare to Achieve Optimal Results With its complicated structure and numerous sources it is based on, your average dissertation can go wrong in dozens of different ways. Therefore, it is wrong to think that the work on it is finished once you have written the final line. If you want it to be accepted, you have to spend a lot of time editing and perfecting it. Here are a few things you should pay attention to. 1. Review the Guidelines Dissertation committees are extremely strict about the rules. Mistakes in formatting or suchlike can be just as disastrous for the overall result as wrong choice of methodology. Study the formatting style you have been told to use, the guidelines of the college and personal instructions of your professor and make sure you have followed them correctly. 2. Do not Do It in One Sitting You have not written your dissertation in one sitting, and you should not try to do the editing this way. Whether you read it multiple times in search for different types of mistakes or make a single slow sweep correcting all types of mistakes as you go along, break your work into segments and take breaks. When you leave off, mark the place where you finished to continue from it later. 3. Know Your Weaknesses Each person has typical mistakes to look out for. Make a list of mistakes you know you have been making in the past, and check with it as you proofread. 4. Check for Missing and Superfluous Parts As you read your dissertation, analyze it one paragraph at a time and evaluate every detail, asking yourself whether you truly need it to make your point. If not, delete it. When you have finished a paragraph, check if anything is missing and add any information you need to prove its point. 5. Use Proofreading Tools Proofreading tools like Grammarly and Readable are limited in their functionality and cannot replace a determined proofreader, but they can help you notice mistakes and flaws. Just don’t take everything they tell at face value, and you will be alright. Now you are ready to handle your own dissertation without asking anybody for help. Check with our manual as you write, and even the most difficult topic will not give you any trouble!

Alpha Plantations and Major Crisis in 1999 Term Paper - 1

Alpha Plantations and Major Crisis in 1999 - Term Paper Example The oil palm company Alpha Plantations Sdn Bhd in Malaysia has two major divisions namely Oil Palm Estate and Palm Oil Mills. This company is owned by a British Company and aims to supply oil to the parent company’s detergent manufacturing business. The company employs local workers to meet the workforce needs. The mill carries out its operations in a shift based environment with three shifts employing 25 works per shift. Supervisors are appointed to watch over the work of each shift. Among the most senior members of the company is Mr. Ang. He is working in the company since 1965 and has achieved the designation of the senior production supervisor through constant efforts and struggles. Mr. Ang is supposedly experienced in dealing with almost every situation surrounded by the company’s premises. He deals with the workers, solves their normal issues, is responsible for the undisrupted operations of the business, involved in the coordination of shift planning, responsible for the preparation of daily production reports, sets short-term performance targets for the shifts and also helps in Human Resource Planning issues. He also acts as a ‘Gatekeeper’ which directs towards his important role as an assistant to the mill manager and every issue comes into his supervision before it reaches the mill manager. Owing to the multitasking and untiring efforts of Mr. Ang, the mill manager is quite satisfied and contented with the firm, methodical and almost militarily efficient way of running the business. The year 1999 acted as a devastating experience for Alpha mills. The basic reason behind the deteriorated financial performance was the cut off in the oil prices. The mill manager, Captain Chubb, could not find a better way to overcome the situation and restrain the regular losses. Captain Chubb was replaced by Mr. Ian Davison who was appointed as a new mill manager to Alpha mills.

Women in construction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Women in construction - Essay Example omen had training on the handling of construction equipment to gain first hand experience on heavy machinery like dumpers etc to learn more on such equipment so that these women can help in building venues and infrastructure for 2012 games in London. This, in turn also increased the job opportunities for women Although presently the share of women placement in construction sector is very low, the aim of the tester event is to provide gainful job opportunity to a minimum of 50 women in a year. The mister did really encourage women to go for such training, while meeting those female workers also who are already helping in this project to build the required infrastructure. As per the London 2012 Olympic news, women manual workforce is just two percent of the total in national construction sector. However the ODA initiative has certainly helped to improve this dismal figure as, according to the â€Å"Olympic News†, there are presently around 155 women workers engaged for working in the Olympics project and almost 35 of them were placed by the â€Å"Women into construction† initiative. The females work under this program in jobs like dumper truck or digger drivers and operators for other machines and equipment. During the visit to the Olympic Park, the minister Tessa Jowell remarked that the London 2012 ‘women into construction’ project is an excellent example of the games being used to become the providers for equal opportunity employment irrespective of the gender. The minister opined that this will further strength the job opportunities for women in the national construction sector, while helping more women to get jobs in the ‘women into construction’ projects. suited for males only. Hence, very few female aspirants wanted to get into this field while seeking employment opportunities. However, the Director of Construction, ODA, Howard Shiplee, who also attended the event remarked that this project is a wonderful opportunity to highlight the excellent and

Evaluate the options at the security manager disposal to respond to Essay

Evaluate the options at the security manager disposal to respond to organizational lost - Essay Example The capability to access and circulate data quickly and readily sounds marvellous from a productivity viewpoint; however, this is terrifying from a security perspective. Numerous studies have demonstrated that employees can equally do damage. This essay will mainly focus on the threats, dangers and risks that organizations are exposed to in the arena of Information Technology, approaches that managers can adopt to reduce them. The paper explores the implication of data theft for an organization within the financial sector with a bias towards insider threats. The key danger facing organizations emanates mainly from information technology; other hazards may include negligent workers, unsatisfied employees, data theft, documents and improper disposal of data (Blackwell 2009, p.8). In response to security threats to organization’s data, organizations have implemented diverse tools to mitigate and contain those threats through approaches such as passwords, encryption, firewalls, access-control lists, network traffic monitoring, system audits, and patch management. However, despite this arsenal, organizations cannot entirely impede the flow of proprietary data, confidential information, and trade secrets. An organization can frequently detect or control when an outsider (or a non-employee within the organization) attempts to access organizational data, either physically or electronically, and as such, the organization can be able to lessen the threat posed by an outsider stealing organization property. Nevertheless, the â€Å"thief† who can be considered harder to discover and who can render the most damage is the insider or employees who have legitimate access. Insiders embody authorized users with genuine access to corporate networks, data, and applications. Insiders include, but are not limited to, board members, employees, executives, business managers, IT consultants, contractors, and outsourcers. Specialists who

Article Summary Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Summary - Article Example ng strategy with segmentation and positioning, and final consumer and their buying behavior, the book is overly influential to marketing (Perreault et al. 15). In addition, this is a new edition which has been significantly revised, rewritten and updated to echo new concepts, new cases, up to date practices, and to firmly incorporate the best technical tools in the industry for making sure that learners are ready to engage in classroom lectures and chase future marketing and business careers. This is relevant to the marketing course. The student will be updated on basically everything that revolves around marketing that will make him or her ready for the job market and drive the firm they work for to success. I learnt many things from this book such as how to maintain a positive client relationship by dictating their behavior. I also learnt the marketing value to consumers firms and society and the influence technology has of the business environment today. All these are factors that can make it easier for any person or business to succeed in the business world. Therefore, I would recommend the source to anyone willing to study the business field from a marketing perspective. Perreault, William, Cannon, Joseph and McCarthy, Jerome E. Basic Marketing: A Marketing Strategy Planning Approach, 19th edition. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2014. Web.

Despite unprecedented expenditure into the NHS in England, Essay - 1

Despite unprecedented expenditure into the NHS in England, inequalities in health are widening for some outcomes. Discuss - Essay Example et information from a need-based formula that provides equal access level to health services for the population at the same risk, so as to prevent or minimise avoidable risk. The health department is the one that allocates resources to the NHS. The NHS develops a formula for distributing the funds to the neediest PCTs. Many of these PCTs do not receive their full allocations, hence, the need for the quick action by the government so as to ensure that PCTs receive the right amount it requires. Health inequality has become a key issue in England. The heath department is responsible for resource allocation to the NHS. Despite the improved health of all groups of people in England, health inequalities between social classes have widened by a bigger percentage over the recent years. The rich people’s health is improving at a drastic rate as compared to that of the poor. Health inequality is not only among the financial social classes, but also exists amongst the elderly, the mentally ill and those with disabilities. All these groups of people have been found to receive worse health services than the normal population (Earle and Sharp, 2007). The causes of health inequalities are normally complicated or intense they may include mostly lifestyle factors such as nutrition, exercise among others and also broader determinants such as housing poverty, education to name just a few. How ever there are those inequalities that are UN avoidable. These originate from three broad variations: the quality of health services, access to health services and services beyond the control of health systems, for example, wealth lifestyle, (Bourdieu 1999), genetics (Earle and Sharp, 2007)among others. It is evident that most population suffering these health inequalities does so in all the three accounts, they access poor health services moreover they suffer external disadvantages. A poor quality health service for the disadvantaged population is mostly a management problem. The right

Article Summary Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Summary - Article Example ng strategy with segmentation and positioning, and final consumer and their buying behavior, the book is overly influential to marketing (Perreault et al. 15). In addition, this is a new edition which has been significantly revised, rewritten and updated to echo new concepts, new cases, up to date practices, and to firmly incorporate the best technical tools in the industry for making sure that learners are ready to engage in classroom lectures and chase future marketing and business careers. This is relevant to the marketing course. The student will be updated on basically everything that revolves around marketing that will make him or her ready for the job market and drive the firm they work for to success. I learnt many things from this book such as how to maintain a positive client relationship by dictating their behavior. I also learnt the marketing value to consumers firms and society and the influence technology has of the business environment today. All these are factors that can make it easier for any person or business to succeed in the business world. Therefore, I would recommend the source to anyone willing to study the business field from a marketing perspective. Perreault, William, Cannon, Joseph and McCarthy, Jerome E. Basic Marketing: A Marketing Strategy Planning Approach, 19th edition. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2014. Web.

The Ways In Which Communication Fails In Accident And Emergency Essay

The Ways In Which Communication Fails In Accident And Emergency Between Radiographers - Essay Example to be the leading cause of unnecessary delays in patient care and treatment, insufficient radiation exposure to the patients, improper use of imaging technology facilities, prenatal deaths and injuries, and is the second leading cause for patient falls (JCAHO, 2006). A very important fact is mentioned in a report that is about how medication errors can be reduced in the hospitals according to which, â€Å"between 44,000 and 98,000 people die each year as a result of all types of medical errors.† (Patel, 2004). The ultimate importance of communication is suggested by almost every person, because it lays the foundation for good results unequivocally. Actually, the basic characteristics of good inter-professional communication need to be understood but, despite many efforts to develop healthy and bias-free relationships in the hospital setups, no research regarding the ways to develop beneficial inter-professional communication exists in the present. It is mentioned by (Wear, 199 7) that the medical students are not deeply taught about ways to handle relationships with other health care professionals like technologists, radiographers etc. in their medical schools. (Zwarenstein M, Goldman J, and Reeves S, 2009) suggest that inter-professional communication (IPC) skills need to be properly taught to both doctors and radiographers, so that they may know how to practically use those skills when needed in emergency situations where immediately many x-rays one after another are required and for good x-rays, doctors must collaborate vigorously with radiographers. (Pearson, 2011) suggests that lack of verbal communication between doctors and radiographers can lead to the professionals simply forgetting some patients, which leads to chances that those patients might be left... The purpose of this is to establish new and better lines of communication between doctors and radiographers. Critical discussion is also presented in the report which underlines the major reasons why doctors and radiographers find it difficult or impossible to communicate with each other in emergency situation especially. Some recommendations are also included which may help in improving the patient care and removing the deficiencies resulting primarily from bad management and poor inter-professional relationships. Rationale: The main purpose of this report is to identify the major reasons that prove to be hurdles in the path of effective communication. From the discussion above and the results of the survey analysis, this much becomes clear that the heavily strained communication between doctors and radiographers in situations of emergency proves to be markedly hazardous for the patients. There is also lack of understanding about the significance and importance of inter-personal communication and good managerial skills, due to which occupational stress results and chaos is produced in the hospitals. There do exist some strategies like â€Å"VoIP Telephony and wireless communications† for modernizing the communication capability between the health care professionals. For proper and person-to-person communication between doctors and radiographers, wireless communication must be ensured in all the hospitals. Moreover, both doctors and radiographers should be especially educated about the ways to handle the important burden of patients in A&E departments and OTs for improving the patient care.

Schools as Organisations Essay Example for Free

Schools as Organisations Essay Schools have policies and procedures so that the governors, staff, parents and others who are involved with the running of the school, are able to work from a set of guidelines which are followed by all, which gives clear comprehensive consistency. There are a lot of different policies relating to all different aspects of procedures and should be accessible should they need to be referred to. Although each school will have there own set of policies with varying titles or a slightly different list, each will need to outline its purpose and aims and also the responsibilities of staff. Below is a summery of the policies and procedures schools may have relating to different aspects of the running of the school; Staff Performance management policy (appendices 26) Pay policy Grievance policy Public welfare Safeguarding policy (appendices 11) Health and safety policy Drugs awareness policy Behaviour management policy Personal, social, health and economic education policy Anti bullying policy Teaching and learning Curriculum policy (appendices 15) Early years policy Teaching and learning policy Planning and assessment policy Marking policy Equality, diversity and inclusion Equal opportunities policy Race equality and cultural diversity policy Special educational needs policy Gifted and talented policy Disability and access policy Parental engagement Attendance policy (appendices) Homework policy Home-school agreement All policies within the school should be revised and updated. It is most likely that all policies will be dated and also have a further date to be revised. To help to aid schools there are draft policies available on the internet as this can be a very time consuming process to draw up a policy. It would be dependant on the school policy itself to who would draft the policy up depending on the schools senior management team or person responsible for a curriculum area (eg such as literacy co-ordinator). This would then be checked by other staff during a staff meeting. It would also need to be agreed by the governing body before it can take effect. Below is a table to show the roles of other organisations working with children and how these may impact on the work of schools; OrganisationDescription Social ServicesSocial services will link with schools in cases where it is necessary to share information or prepare for possible court hearings or applications. They may also liaise with schools family worker or have meetings with teachers. Children’s ServicesThese are linked to the 5 outcomes of Every Child Matters, but may be from a range of providers including education, health, social services, early years and childcare. Youth ServicesThese will have more impact on secondary schools but will be concerned with training and provision post-14, the Youth Matters programme and targeted youth support. National Health ServiceMany professionals who come into and work in schools may be employed by the National Health Service and Primary Care Trust, including speech therapists, physiotherapists and  occupational therapists. It is everyone’s responsibility to be mindful of themselves and others. E. g. Not leaving coats and bags where they can tripped over, No trailing wires, if something is spilled clean it up to avoid hazards and if something can be seen that it a potential health and safety risk, either do something about it if it’s within our control or report it to the appropriate contact if it is not and make sure the situation is safe in the meantime.

Study On Busbecqs Letters History Essay

Study On Busbecqs Letters History Essay I would like to analyse some Western European descriptions of the Ottoman Empire from The Turkish Letters, written by Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, who described the Ottoman Empire in a series of letters that he wrote when he served Ferdinand I of Austria as the ambassador for the Holy Roman Empire to the Ottoman Empire from 1554 to 1562. Included in this paper is my analysis on parts of three of his letters which are concerned with in particular: the Turkish Army, the Turks openness or lack thereof in borrowing from other cultures, and Christian Slaves. Busbecq presents an absorbing eyewitness account of the Ottoman Empire from the perspective of a well educated Western observer at the time of the Ottomans greatest ever ruler: Sultan Suleiman The Magnificent. In the letters Busbecq describes some of the workings and details of the Turkish Army, including interesting information on The Janissaries. In another letter he talks about the Turks openness in adapting military manoeuvres and c ombat skills of the Europeans such as that of the Greeks, and their reluctance in adopting useful things such as public clocks and printing books. In the third letter he portrays some information on the Christian slaves of the Ottoman Empire. He details impressions on everything he saw and experienced in Turkey from the army, slavery, and other matters and does so with literary talent and though quite gripping there is a strong possibility that his depiction was slightly exaggerated because he was trying to bring about reform at home. Of particular significance is his account of the Turkish Army where goes into vivid detail about the campaigns. The Sultan when he sets out on a campaign, takes as many as 40,000 camels with him, and almost as many baggage-mulesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ This is an explicit illustration of the organisation, might, and sheer size of the Sultans army. Busbecq further goes on to describe the Turks campaign into Persia, the way rations are used, and the importance of the soldiers health. He also makes note on the Sultans respect and willingness to help the soldiers whenever he could by assisting ill-fated soldiers who have come across bad luck in losing their horse or suffering from illness or injury. Suleiman the Magnificent is plausibly the most illustrious figure in Turkish history. For the Turks his status is legendary and his reign saw the greatest extension of Turkish power. His devotion to his own religion and his tolerance of other faiths, his charity and generosity, won him the loyalty of his subjects and the respect of his enemies. The Janissaries represented the well trained and adaptable soldiers for the Turkish army. They were well looked after and respected for their courage in battle, repeated victories, and experience in warfare; hence they were highly valued. They were a product of Suleimans progressive system. The Turks adopted from the Europeans many smooth military combat techniques and the use of canons to great effect in their battles, for example the shooting against the door which was formerly used by the Greeks and the Turks had adopted from them. Conversely at the same time the Turks were never able to bring themselves into accepting the use of public clocks or to print books. As Busbecq strongly puts it They hold that their scriptures, that is, their sacred books, would no longer be scriptures if they were printed; and if they established public clocks, they think that the authority of their muezzins and their ancient rights would suffer diminution. This I believe is an understandable stance considering their position and their culture. They did not want their culture to be diluted this is not to say they werent tolerant to other cultures but only to keep their own pure from western influence. The extract of the letter by Busbecq in Documents in World History on Christian slaves portrays completely bleak and miserable image for the slaves: Youths and men of advanced years were driven along in herds or else tied together with chainsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..At the sight I could scarcely restrain my tears in pity for the wretched plight of the Christian populationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. This particular document if read by someone not familiar with Busbecqs writings and general view of the Ottomans could be misleading. In his book The Turkish Letters Busbecq explains the advantages of Ottoman slavery and stipulates that it outweighs the drawbacks. For example, young male slaves had the opportunity to have a prestigious career and be trained as Janissaries or diplomats. Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq wrote impressions on everything he saw and experienced in Turkey, including landscapes, plants, animals, Islam, ethnic groups, architecture, slavery, military, court practices, clothing, gender and domestic relations, the Sultan himself, and even plants and animals. I think his letters offer lessons in understanding and appreciating cultural differences. It is clear to me that he describes the Ottoman Empire as being powerful and admirable; he makes it obvious that he respects the Ottomans in many ways and almost even considers them as better than the great European nations. Nonetheless I suggest that he may have been exaggerating what he thought and knew about the Ottomans to an extent in an attempt to bring about reform in Western Europe. After all he was writing at or near the time when the Ottoman Empire was at the pinnacle of its power, and one of his aims could have been to frighten European rulers and governments into transformation and improvement. K eeping this in mind I would still consider The Turkish Letters a great source of insight and entertaining reading. The letters are a standard for understanding the Ottoman Empire written with frankness and in great detail by a noted diplomat with an established reputation.

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy :: BSE Prion Mad Cow Disease

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) BSE is a disease found in cows that contaminates the brain. It kills many cattle each year because there is no known cure. Humans can be infected by a disease called Creutzfeldt - Jakob disease and sheep can be infected with a disease called scrapie. There is no known treatment for any of the Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy, including CJD. In order to prevent this disease, the beef is inspected before coming into the United States. Without antibodies, a microscope is the only other way to confirm the cow as being infected. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, other wise known as mad cow disease is â€Å"an infectious degenerative brain disease occurring in cattle† (www.dictionary.com). Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy is one of many Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy’s (TSE) in animals. Humans can not be infected with BSE but if they are exposed to contaminated meat, then they are at risk of being infected with Creutzfeldt - Jakob disease (CJD). CJD is very rare and as well as BSE, cannot be treated because there has been no cure found. Figure one shows the death rate of humans infected with CJD. (BSEInfo.org July 27, 2006) Figure one BSE mainly occurs in the brain but experiments have been conducted and found it to be â€Å"in the spinal cord, and in the retina of the eye. The BSE agent may also be present in the small intestine, tonsil, bone marrow, and dorsal root ganglia (lying along the vertebral column)† (US Food and Drug Association, September 24, 2004). Once the cow is infected, the brain tissue takes on a sponge-like appearance under a microscope. This is how the disease got the name Spongiform. (Mad Cow Disease, Andrew Simmons) BSE is spread throughout the brain by important proteins called prions. The prion folds itself incorrectly which leads other prions that encounter the false protein to fold as well. Spreading in the brain then occurs. Figure two shows how the brain would look when mad cow disease is present. These infected prions are extremely difficult to destroy, resulting in no possible cure. Figure Two There are several ways to tell of a cow is infected with BSE. An adult cow may take from two to eight years to first show signs of being infected but others can take a short time. The symptoms for infected cows are â€Å"anxiety, nervousness, and initial hyperactivity followed by lethargy† (Ratzan 10). Also cows experience pain in their horns, horn sockets and ears when they are infected.

Anatomy Of A Muscle Cell Essay -- essays research papers

Anatomy of Muscle Cells There are three types of muscle tissue in the human body. These muscle tissues are skeletal muscles, smooth muscles and cardiac muscles. Each of these muscle tissues has it very own anatomical makeup, which vary from muscle to muscle. The muscle cells in a muscle are referred to as muscle fibers, these fibers are skeletal muscle fibers, smooth muscle fibers and cardiac muscle fibers. The anatomy of a skeletal muscle fiber is formed during embryonic development. Skeletal muscle fibers arise from a hundred or more small mesodermal cells called myoblasts. The mature skeletal muscle fiber has a hundred or more nuclei. Once fusion occurs the skeletal muscle fiber will lose the ability to undergo cell division. This means that the number of muscle fibers is set before birth and most of these fibers will last a lifetime. The muscle growth that occurs after birth is a result of the enlargement of these existing muscle fibers. The mature muscle fibers have a few myoblasts, which remain as satellite cells. These myoblasts retain the capacity to join with one another or with damaged muscle fibers in order to regenerate these muscle fibers. John Centore2 Dr. Jain Anatomy & Physiology The many nuclei of skeletal muscle fiber are located underneath the sarcolemma, which is the fiber’s plasma membrane. Thousands of invaginations of the sarcolemma, which are called T Tubules, Tunnel from the surface to the center of the muscle fiber. These T Tubules are open to the outside of the fiber and are filled with extra-cellular fluid. Muscle action potentials propagate along the sarcolemma and through the T tubules and quickly spread through the muscle fiber. This process ensures that all parts of the muscle fiber become excited by an action potential virtually simultaneously. The sarcoplasm is located inside the sarcolemma. Sarcoplasm is the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber, it contains a good amount of glycogen, which is used for ATP synthesis. The sarcoplasm also contains myoglobin, a red colored, oxygen binding-protein, that is found only in muscle fibers. The myoglobin binds oxygen molecules, which are needed for ATP production within the mitochondria. The Mitochondria lie in rows throughout the muscle fiber, strategically close to the proteins that use ATP during contraction. The sarcoplasm is filled with little threadlike structures. These str... ...sponse to nerve impulses, hormones and other local factors. These muscle fibers can also stretch considerably and still maintain their contractile function. John Centore5 Anatomy & Physiology Dr. Jain The last of the three groups of muscle fiber is cardiac muscle fiber. The cardiac muscle fibers have the same arrangement of actin and myosin and the same bands, zones, and Z-disks as skeletal muscle fibers. However, the ends of cardiac muscle fibers connect to adjacent fibers by irregular transverse thickenings of the sarcolemma called intercalated disks. These disks contain desmosomes, which hold the fibers together, and gap junctions, which allow muscle action potential to spread from one cardiac muscle to another. In cardiac muscle fibers, calcium ions enter the sarcoplasm both from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and from extracellular fluid. The mitochondria in cardiac muscle fiber are larger and more numerous than in skeletal muscle fiber. Cardiac muscle fibers can also use lactic acid produced by skeletal muscle fibers to make ATP, a benefit during exercise. I had already submitted my Email is Johnnynip@aol.com,please excuse me for forgetting my email address....thank you

Climate Change Policy Memo

Discussion Section: 9 TA: Jose Emilio Lopez Word Count: 800 Addressed to the honorable Senators John McCain and Joseph Lieberman. Objective To ensure the passage of the Climate Stewardship Act, S. 139, in the US Senate before the November 2004 presidential election. Strategy The recent passage of the energy bill has opened an opportunity for the passage of the Climate Change Stewardship Act. Furthermore, the results of the voting of the amendment presented by Senator Lieberman in October, 2003, show that there is already considerable support.We need to keep building momentum around this issue, and propose some of the following actions. Knowing which states have voted against the Act, it will be important to map out the motivations behind these votes and address them accordingly. For coal intensive states, the loss of income and unemployment that the adoption of cleaner technologies might bring is a big concern. Creating funds to aid them in the transition is not as important as shedd ing light in the opportunities that the modernization of the coal industry can yield.Coal and other fossil fuels will not be displaced in the short term as renewables are still beyond the required reliability, but investing in cleaner coal is feasible and can have a high return, helping boost a stagnant industry, creating knew jobs, and attracting investment for R&D of renewables, smart grids, and carbon capture and storage technologies. Further evidence about the real costs and benefits that new technologies present should be available from MIT and similar sources.Additionally, some states that voted against the amendment could be considered as highly vulnerable to climate change related phenomena such as flooding, hurricanes, and severe droughts. Reliable data related to the increasing incidence of such events in Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas and other mid western states, will help us convince their representatives on the need to act not only to take advantage of carbon storing cr op opportunities, but also to protect their vulnerable agriculture industry and the population. It is essential to build a stronger case about the market opportunities related to climate change.It was the United States task force who proposed the â€Å"flexible mechanisms† to be incorporated in the Kyoto Protocol, and all the Annex I countries but the US have been receiving the benefits of such tools. The US has failed to take advantage of global carbon markets and related commercial opportunities worldwide, and is also missing the opportunity to achieve emission reduction targets at a lower cost. The global markets in which US companies like to drive is setting high competitive standards and truly global companies will need to adapt to the standards whether nationally adopted or not, so why lag behind them.At this point, the government might find in the private sector a partner to share the cost and risks related to the investment in cleaner technologies. To convince Senator s about this argument, it will be important to use advocates such as the Ford Motor Company and IBM. These flag companies are anticipating future regulations and turning the situation into a competitive advantage. Other big market players in the electricity, transportation, industry and commercial sectors might find similar advantages in their own business models.This can help minimize the perception that climate change regulation is a means to control the market, and show that it can actually help create new markets, increase opportunities for low carbon business and promote the creation of jobs. In terms of international relationships, the passage of the Act can be presented as means to create the right environment for investments that could eventually reduce the dependence of the US on imported fossil fuels, which is as a matter of national security. Given the current climate around the war in Iraq, the Act can be seen as a low risk and low cost alternative to a costly war.Additi onally, there is great concern that any local emission reduction action is meaningless if developing countries don’t establish emission reduction targets. It can be argued that the US needs to establish high internal emission reduction targets, even if it doesn’t ratify the Kyoto Protocol or other international agreements, to recover moral leadership and global negotiation power around this issue. The media is already supportive of the cause so we need to keep working with them to maintain the climate change in the minds of the population in general to keep putting pressure on the candidates.As with highly vulnerable states, more attention should be brought to the minds of the average citizen of the vulnerability of US territories and not only faraway territories in third world countries. It is important to monitor the results of negotiations in the House of Representatives to feed into this strategy and amend the arguments we will present to the different key players accordingly. Scientific evidence regarding the potentially harmful events of greenhouse gases (GHG) cannot be ignored.Yet, some might argue that the emissions are due to causes other than human and might be reluctant to change consumption patterns. While data regarding the harmful effects of GHG upon climate, ecosystems and human life, other areas need to be supported by evidence, such as job creation, growth derived from innovation, and other benefits related to decreasing dependency in foreign fuel supply. Climate change will have adverse impacts in several communities. The most vulnerable communities in the United States will be those closear to the Gulf of Mexico.Traditionally poor and marginal states, will face the harshest conditions as their economic activities depend largely on the yield of crops. Hurricanes and changes in the rain patterns can have severe impact in the already vulnerable economies of these states. When looking at the map of states that voted against this we should devide them into those which are vulnerable to climate effects and voted against to convince them on increasing economic pressures derived from inaction in their own states and neighboring states (peer pressure). Then, with those that depend primarily n fossil fuel exploitation (coal mines, oil fields) we should work on the benefits of increase research and development of low carbon technologies within the fossil fuel industry, investment in research and development of cleaner fuels and more efficient processes can be accompanied by technology transfer tax breaks. Emphasis should be made on the fact that this newer industry will create an increasing amount of green jobs the young population could benefit from. It means shifting maintenance investment in the oil and gas industry to the development of a whole new industry that will yield high paying specialized jobs.The research and development community is a key ally in trying to convince state governments in secure resources funds for R&D of low carbon technologies. Try to capture talent within states. A new green economy brings opportunity for all and a great chance for stagnating and polluting industries to recapture investment in research and development. Development of smart grids, renewable energy projects, carbon capture and storage, doesn’t compete with the current energy industry but will allow for a long term shift into a more sustainable future while creating high paying and wealth creating jobs.Reducing the dependence on imported oil might also allow the US government to reinvest savings from cut in oil trade in the states with highest oil production in the cleaning of their industries, aiming to increase efficiency and capture GHG gases. While there are still doubts on whether climate change is due to human activity or not, the fact is that there are countries that have used the opportunities climate change presents to invest in overseas markets and claim great benefits from voluntar y carbon markets.This would allow to improve the US reputation around the World and regain moral leadership. Adaptation Mitigation Evidence needs to be collected One of the main obstacles in past negotiations was the unfairness of the developing countries not having binding reduction targets, in part because any reductions of emissions in the US would benefit only third world countries in the most vulnerable regions. But some US governments have failed to recognize the vulnerability of some US states close to the coast, river basin and other deserted areas (i. e.Florida, Mississipi, Texas, Lousiana, South Carolina, Georgia). Inaction against climate change will affect these traditionally relegated states. Evidence about the vulnerability of these regions will be key in trying to convince the congressmen representing them to vote in favor of the bill. Even if a great share of emissions are not necessarily connected to human activities (although there is worldwide consensus about the fact that it does) the fact is that temperatures are rising, and there is a need to stabilize CO2 concentration in the atmosphere.This in itself is an opportunity for innovation, and given worldwide attention to this issue the cost of action will be shared by many countries. If the US fails to act now, the cost of action in years to come might be considerably higher because the country will not be able to share the risk of the investment with other developed economies. It means maintaining leadership in the energy industry, while opening new channel for investment and efficiency, and the creation of a new set of consumption patterns, beneficial for stagnant and even contracting businesses (coal industry).

Online School vs. Public School Essay

Sloan Consortium stated that, â€Å"More than one million students attended classes via the Internet in 2008. Of those million, around 200,000 were enrolled in full-time virtual schools, meaning they attend all of their classes online.† I have been doing Online Schooling for two years but before that I went to public school. Online schooling is a better choice than public schooling because you have more control, there is no drama, and you have more free time. I prefer online homeschooling because I can control my pace. I get to decide when I want to work and I don’t have to study all day, everyday like I normally would. The course schedule is also up to me; courses can be done one at a time or in groups. During my first year at an online school I did five courses at one time. It’s now my second year and I am doing one course at a time, which I definitely prefer. At Public schools, course schedules are picked for me and I would have no control. You also can’t control what is going on in your school environment. One of the best things about online school is that there is never any drama. I really hate gossiping, which is a big problem at public schools. Because I only interact with other kids from my school by way of the internet there is no pettiness between us. Kids my age fight over friends and boyfriends or girlfriends. There’s nothing to fight about when you live as far away from each other as we do. At normal schools though, you see everyone everyday. When your constantly with the same group of people, someone’s feelings are always getting hurt and there is constant arguments. Many of situations involve your â€Å"friends†. If your friends with someone you can’t be friends with anyone they don’t like, which can get very complicated. 3 When doing school online, you have much more free time. If I stay caught up, I’m able to do things after school and on the weekends. When I was in public school, I had far too much homework to do anything. Now I’m able to take a few days off for vacation or because I’m sick and not have to worry about falling far behind. While at public school all of my time was filled by homework, but now I’m able to spend hours after school with my horse or just relaxing. Some of my family has expressed concern about me not  interacting with children my age because I don’t go to public school. Because of online schooling, I’m able to hang out with my friends at our barn. Before I switched I never saw any of my friends outside of school because I never had the time. Online schooling is a much better choice than public schooling. The benefits of online school far outweigh those of public schooling. With Online schooling you have so many more choices, everything is up to you! There are many different schooling choices but online schooling has made my life easier and stress free. I definitely suggest that you look into online schooling as an alternative to public school. It may not be right for everyone, but it might be right for you.

What are the arguments for and against focussing on skilled migration Essay

What are the arguments for and against focussing on skilled migration In answering this, specify who are the winners and losers What are the limitations of the Governments skilled immigration policy - Essay Example In 2005 for example, remittances figured $223 billion which was more than twice the rank of international aid. Public perceptions of migration and migrants play a major role in determining policy choices available to governments. The share of migrants in the global population may not be as high but its presence and visibility in terms of social, economic and political terms is felt. Migrants flow have shifted greatly in recent years with changing poles of attraction for labour migration for instance Asians find job opportunities within Asia while the Latin Americans are moving to Europe. There is a high labour participation in Europe, US and Australia. This shows that economic incentives remain high for migration to these market economies. UN confirms significant contribution of migration to population growth in Australia, US and some European countries. Immigration has been a difficult subject to government officials. This is because it raises moral choices about whom to let in the country, for how long and by what means. According to Levi (1999, p. 675) regulating entry means deporting or excluding people whose aim is to earn a living. The limitations of the government policy include one, it is impossible to influence the number of nationals entering the country it can only regulate them from accessing legal employment. Some of the nationals restricted include the Romanians and Bulgarians. The other limitation of the policy is that policy put towards asylum refugees and dependants of British system is greatly determined by considering human rights. These rights in clude rights to freedom from persecution and the right to family reunion. Consideration of these rights is beyond the governments limit though they can be modified. It is also impossible for a nation to control immigration and employment of migrants. This is because most come as visitors but overstay. Governments are therefore unable to regulate all

How good, effective communication skills is well needed in a job of Essay

How good, effective communication skills is well needed in a job of being a nurse - Essay Example That is, nurses should be able to help patients understand their medical issues and also give them in-depth instructions regarding how to care for themselves, and then when it comes to fellow professionals, they need to communicate all the treatment details and other medical related process in a clear manner, so it does not give rise to medical errors and the related eventualities. (). Thus, the focus will be on how effective communication skills are needed to ensure patient safety and importantly to optimize the caring process of the patients. In that direction, proper and clear communication skills have to be exhibited by the nurses while communicating with the fellow nurses and other personnel regarding the treatment process of the patients. That is, not only they need to communicate clearly but also receive the communication in a clear and detailed manner. For example, when giving or receiving instructions about drug administration to the patients, reporting test results, etc., i n-person or through phone, the nurses need to strongly confirm the information before initiating the relevant actions. As it is easy to misunderstand someone's words, â€Å"nurses should repeat the information to ensure they heard it correctly† and could even make the receiver to repeat the same to confirm it further. (Williams). Then, when it comes to the communication between the nurses and the patients, it has to be effective at various levels. Firstly, while providing treatments to the patients, nurses has to clearly and slowly explain about all the medications and patients they are receiving. As the nurses have more day-to-day contact with the patients than other personnel, they need to â€Å"help patients understand their diagnosis and prognosis and teach them how to participate in their recovery.† (Williams). For that, they have to tailor or customize their communication based on the patient’s educational ability, age, medical awareness, etc. In that dire ction, they need to adopt a voice tone, which will be effective to particular patients. For example, while conversing with the children, the nurses can interact with them in a soft and affectionate tone to facilitate them to undergo the necessary treatments particularly during drug administering. The nurses need to communicate to the patients not only their treatment process in the hospital environment, but also the process they have to follow in their home as well. When one focuses on effective communication in nursing, what a nurse says and also how he/she says is just a part of the communication, because non-verbal communication forms a major part of the equation between nurses and patients, and also fellow personnel. In that direction, understanding the body language particularly facial reactions of the patients and also exhibiting strong and at the same time adaptive body language can aid in making a deep connection with the patients and thereby delivering efficient care to the m. Patients’ nonverbal communication can tell the nurses how they are feeling, without the need to talk, and so the nurses should be attentive and focused on those aspects. Then, when it co

Festivals of Greece & Rome Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Festivals of Greece & Rome - Essay Example The Romans theatre history shows that they had several problems especially the stage craft and the imbalanced concept of drama with stage performances. As a result the stages in the beginning were constructed based on Greek models. In fact the concept of drama was introduced to Romans only from the Greeks. In this instance Romans stand next to the Greeks not equal to Greeks. The Greeks have a mythological background for all its religious festivals. Greeks’ strong faith in the supremacy of God is evident from the worship of each God and the reason they associate with their Gods. They honored their Gods through these festivals and had a faith that they could be punished in terms of earthquake or war if they don’t honor Gods. A festival according to both Greeks and Romans is not only for them but also for other visitors and participants from other countries to take part in competitions and contests. Especially sports, music and games. The course of the festival is declared as holiday. Greeks declare their festivals honoring their Gods such as Zeus, Olympia, Hera, and Dionysus who symbolize health, fertility, vegetation etc. The Greeks looked at their Gods as personifications of spring and periods. Where as most of the Roman festivals are celebrated during summer. Women were treated with equal importance as a result a special festival is organized for women honoring the Goddess Olympia, where sports events were conducted for women. The Panathenic festival in honor of the Goddess Hera, contained contests for singers, poets and playwrights. The Athens festival was considered as the most interesting event of the year, where series of operas, symphonies and ballets were performed at the theatre of Herodes Atticus. The influence of Greek drama could be seen in all the plays of all the times. Greeks performed plays in other religious festivals also especially the Church quoted dramatic scenes to explain religious

Market structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Market structure - Essay Example Market structure is also affected by the decision of the individual firms in setting up prices within the industry & the supply of different commodities in the market. For example, when competition is high, firms tend to supply more & more in order to capture handsome market share. Barrier to entry is also an important factor to determine market structure. In a monopoly market structure, the degree of barriers to entry is much higher than in a perfectly competitive market, where the factor may have a zero percent influence. Another factor of consideration to understand market structure is market efficiency. A firm will operate more efficiently in a competitive market with a fear of losing opportunity rather than a firm operating in a monopolistic market (Cohen, 2010, pp.131 –133). Customer turnover ratio i.e. the no. of customer willing to change their consumer preferences due to change in market structure, over a period of time. This factor is an indicator of brand loyalty & reaction of marketing activities such as advertisements etc. A perfectly competitive market indicates a market condition where a large no. of buyers & sellers has the market power to set the price of homogeneous goods & services. In a perfectly competitive market, the no. of buyers & sellers are so numerous & well structured that the market price of commodities are beyond control of the individual buyers & sellers and all the monopolistic powers are eliminated from the market (Wong, 2010, pp.1174–1177). All firms are price taker, having a relatively small market share, operating on a profit maximization objective. The firms sell identical, homogeneous goods, having perfect knowledge about product quality, price & cost. In a perfectly competitive market, all firms are price taker. Seller must take the existing market price. If a single firm is charging a price above the market price, this will result in a loss of potential

Problem Identification Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Problem Identification - Case Study Example However, in my personal opinion, the most basic problem faced by the healthcare management today is that of the provision of primary healthcare facilities, particularly in the capacity of disaster management. Disaster Management and the provision of Primary Healthcare: Disaster management encompasses a wide array of emergency situations including civil defense, civil protection, crisis management, homeland security etc. (Emergency Management, 2011). The time frame for which the services of Disaster Management teams are employed in a particular area is known as the transition period. This transition period is not only one of physical loss rather the victims are often emotionally drained by the losses they suffer as an outcome of the disaster. It is during this time that the victims need maximum healthcare facilities that guarantee their well being. The provision of primary healthcare facilities requires the building up of strategic national and international partnerships, which unfort unately does not seem to be the priority of Public Policy developers (Mortier, Bullen, & Guillouzic, 2010, Volume 3).

Views of Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau Essay Example for Free

Views of Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau Essay Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Racques Rosseau were philosophers who stated their belief of human nature and how we should govern mankind. Although Rousseau was born a different time than Hobbes and Locke, they all had a very strong influence on the way governments should function. They created a revolutionary idea of the state of nature, the way men were before a government came into play. Each philosopher developed guidelines and responsibilities that the government is obliged to. Although proposing different views and ideas, they all contributed significant ideas to society. Thomas Hobbes, Jock Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau all differed on their views of government. Thomas Hobbes described the state of nature for man is nasty, brutish and short. In order to escape this, people must give up freedom to receive peace and order by the protection of the government. Hobbes believed in an absolute monarchy. Order could only be established with a ruler holding absolute power. The state was there to prevent people from attacking and killing each other. His structure of a government was to prevent chaos and violence. Just like Hobbes, John Locke believed there was a need to establish order; however, he saw a different way to achieve this. He had a more optimistic perspective on human kind. People should give up some rights to attain protection, like Hobbes outlook of the social contract, but if the government does not fulfill its duty, the people must change it. Rebellion was only justified if the ruler lost the consent of his people. Hobbes believed that it was never justified. John Locke believed in any type of representative government such as a republic, constitutional monarchy or democracy. Jean-Jacques Rousseau had been considered by some the prophet of democracy. Rousseau believed in the General Will, the decision of the majority, because what is best for all is best for an individual. He said people enslaved in the law. All rights of people are given up to the General Will in order to be incorporated through the legislature. The state is there to enact the General Will. Society embarked on with the state of nature. The English Civil War was influential to Hobbes and Locke. It made Locke object violence. Hobbes believed that to put an end to the war, an absolute monarchy must be established. Rousseau was influenced by emotion and not reason. This was the origin of Romanticism. The three philosophers vision of the state of nature was contrasting in terms of things like property and freedom. Hobbes believed that man was essentially evil, bad and corrupt. His view of depravity of human nature was influenced by the English Revolution. He believed that humans would constantly fight if left alone, especially over property which was a limited source that was competed for. Thomas Hobbes essentially believed that humans were not good and order was established by depriving humans of their rights and freedom. According to Hobbes, state of nature was state of war. John Locke believed people were born with a blank slate or mind and their surroundings and environment made them good or evil. Like Rousseau, Locke believes that people are equal, not in ability but in rights. People are born entitled to natural rights, life liberty and property. He stated, Man is born free, and everywhere is in chains† was said by Rousseau. He also thought that men were born free and are good and that it is society that is corrupt. In order to accomplish this objective, society must eliminate all titles. His understanding was that the title of nobility should be abolished. Noble savage was a concept he admired very much. Humans are just like any other animal. These philosophers agreed that things must be sacrificed to advance society. Despite their differences, Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau could all comply that Government should not be through the Church. This contradicted the concept of Divine Right, which is the belief that a monarch received their power only from God. To determine what society should be, a clean slate was needed which included freedom of religion. Thomas Hobbes believes that the state must be only one religion in order to be united. John Locke declares that the state should have religious toleration. Rousseau does not repudiate God but is disgusted with religion, especially Christianity. Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau all acknowledge that before men were to govern, we lived in a state of nature. They all constructed their own adaptation of what a government should be and how society should work. All of them recognize that the government should not be through the church and differ on human nature and the form of government. Their ideas were inspiring and spread to many places constructing new governments. Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau were revolutionary.

Self monitoring and intervention for ring fidgeting habit

Self monitoring and intervention for ring fidgeting habit Habits are said to form when utilizing the same behavior regularly and consistently in a similar situation for the same purpose. They are performed with minimal thinking and little deliberation; and can be considered an automatising of behaviour. While efficiency in cognitive capabilities is achieved; habits cause information to be ignored, never influencing performance of the habit; as outcomes as a result of the habit are overly satisfactory. It has been suggested that good intentions are not acted upon if interfered by the habit; meaning the short term rewards become opposing to long term intentions. It is then that behaviours are identified as bad habits, habits that involve actions providing positive outcomes in the short term, but causing negative outcomes in the long run; including nervous habits, motor tics and stuttering. Nervous habits are defined as unchanging, automatic behaviours that do not serve any social purpose. Examples include hand to head habits such as nail biting or hair pulling; oral habits such as lip or tongue biting; or any repetitive movement such as scratching or object manipulation. Hansen, Tishelman, Hawkins Doepke (1990) and Woods, Miltenberger, Flach, (1996), suggest that hand to head and oral habits are most prevalent in the general population. In a study of college students, Woods et al. (1996) reported that 15% of students engaged in hair manipulation, 10% nail biting, 22% chewing of their mouth or lips, while 22% reported manipulating objects such as pens or jewelry. Fidgeting is defined as engaging in actions that are peripheral or nonessential to ongoing focal tasks or events (Mehrabian Friedman, 1986); involving engagement in actions, movement or manipulation of ones own body or implementation of actions onto other objects; and can hereby be categorized as a nervous h abit. Woods and Miltenberger (1996) concluded that habits such as hair and face manipulation were present in anxiety- provoking conditions; while object manipulations were recorded when participants felt bored. Three potential explanations exist in relation to how such habits are developed and maintained. Firstly, habits are said to be negatively reinforced by decreasing tension, due to automatic negative reinforcements, such as reduction in anxiety and stress. Secondly, habits provide self- stimulatory advantages, such as increase in concentration or focus, therefore aiding in production of reinforced outcomes. Nervous habits are also hypothesized to represent a group of behaviours that are caused by schedule-induced or adjunctive behaviours occurring as a result of time-based schedules such as fixed-time or fixed-interval schedules (Miltenberger, Fuqua, Woods, 1998), possibly to fill time between reinforces and other behaviours. However, habits do not tend to interfere greatly in a persons functioning, as in some cases they may help the individual focus, concentrate or feel aroused; but are known to cause annoyance to the individual or those around them. In some cases, where the frequency may become excessive; numerous negative outcomes can be attributed to nervous habits. For instance hand related habits can lead to risk of infection; while others cause negative social consequences, such as little or no social acceptance. It is when habits occur frequently or intensely that treatment is sought. Several new behavioural technologies have been developed; through the assessment of treatments using group treatment- outcome and single participant designs as well as several case study experiments; with the latter seen inadequate for drawing valid, scientific interpretations. Controlled single and group experiments, specifically those using repeated, objective measures with reversal or multiple base line designs have been shown to have scientific merit (Peterson, Campise and Azrin, 1994), detailing impacts of treatments on the behaviour. Such treatments have been effective in reducing the frequency of habit disorders by over 90% and eliminating them in 40 to 70% of the cases (Peterson et al., 1994); with habit reversal treatment (HRT) found to be consistent in demonstrating high effectiveness and applicability to a range of habits. Habit reversal involves several components aimed at increasing habit awareness, developing competing responses, building and sustaining motivation and compliance; as well as incorporating operant and anxiety management techniques (Piacentini Chang, 2005) to effectively treat habits. Azrin and Nunn (1973) successfully treated 12 clients who exhibited habits for up to 7 years, through the implementation of the 4 key stages of HRT: awareness training, competing response training, habit control motivation and generalized training. Awareness training included components such as: response description, where clients are asked to describe the details of the habit behaviour; response detection where therapists reported occurrences of the habit to the participant almost immediately after occurrence; an early warning procedure where clients became aware of the earliest signs of the habit and situation awareness where an analysis was implemented to name high-risk situations where the habit may occur. Competing response practice involved the client developing a short and socially acceptable behavioural pattern opposite to the habit, usually through a shaping technique. In the case of nervous habits involving hands; clients were instructed to place his/her hands down by the sides, and to clench their fists until they could feel tension in their arms and hands (Azrin and Nunn, 1973). Motivational procedures such as habit inconvenience and social support procedures were used; with reviews of the inconveniences, embarrassment or suffering experienced implemented; while family members positively reinforced the individuals efforts when habit free periods was noted. Clients were asked to perform the CR correctly in the presence of a councilor, while also taught a symbolic rehearsal technique, where clients imaged habit eliciting situations, their detection of the habit behaviour and performance of the appropriate CR for a required 15 minutes. Clients were also reinforced and remi nded of their habit under more casual situations, and were required to elicit the CR for 3 minutes, a technique known as generalized training. The study reported a significant reduction in habit occurrence of 90% after a single session, with an increase to 99% three months after treatment. Similarly, Azrin, Nunn, and Frantz (1980) investigated the effects of HRT on habits, comparing it to negative practice; a technique similar to HRT, but different, as the habit was performed for 30 second periods over an hour period, each day until four days after the habit was undetectable; while participants were telling themselves they should not be doing the habit. It was reported that the HRT was more effective, as HRT reduced habits by one third. Woods, Miltenberger Lumley (1996) reviewed the effectiveness of awareness training, self-monitoring, social support, and competing responses in 4 children. Woods et al. concluded that, while all stages were successful, self-monitoring should be used as the initial stage in treatment, with other components implemented after awareness has been detected. Additionally, the use of anxiety and operant techniques, have also proven successful in treatment of habits. Anxiety management techniques, such as breathing exercises, muscle relaxation and imagery have been implemented as increases in stress and anxiety lead to concomitant increases in tic frequency, intensity and duration (Cohen, Friedhoff, Leckman, Chase, 1992). Although unsuccessful individually, benefits have been detected in multi-component treatments such as HRT. Similarly, operant techniques, in forms of contingency management, entail the manipulation of environmental contingencies so that tic-free intervals are positively reinforced, and tic behaviors are punished (Piacentini Chang, 2005).They should only be used in instances where a clear relationships between the habit and the environmental contingencies are observed. The aim of this study is to suggest an effective intervention or treatment to reduce the occurrence of object fidgeting in a 19 year old female. It is hoped that through the implementation of this HRT, the habit in question is effectively treated, hereby providing the client with a long term solution. Method Participant The participant of this study was a 19 year old Western, middle class, female undergraduate psychology student who expressed interest in reducing the frequency of a nervous habit, specifically the habit of fidgeting in form of manipulation of an object. Operational definition Fidgeting, in this instance, was the engaging in one particular action, non-essential and external to ongoing tasks. Focus was primarily upon the manipulation of an object; in this case the action of fidgeting with a ring. Actions involved the individual using their right hand or left hand fingers to turn the ring into a circle around the finger of which the ring was present. The instance where the individual may have been moving the ring back and forth while on the finger was also counted. Taking the ring on and off the finger; meaning the individual took the ring off and put the ring back on was not taken into account. Ring fidgeting can be classified as an excess nervous behavior; that is unwanted, and therefore should be decreased in frequency, duration or intensity. This behavior was monitored due to its relative high frequency in Participant Xs everyday life. Selection and justification of monitoring method Assessment of the behavior was achieved through the method of an event recording, self- monitoring method. The participant was asked to record the frequency of the habit over a period of 14 days as well as the time the behavior occurred, when and where it occurred, who was around and what happened before and after the habit was detected. Event recording measures the occurrence, either frequency or duration of a low to medium occurring behavior during a specific time interval. This method was used as event recording has been proven effective when wanting to increase or decrease the occurrence of a habit or behavior, while also allowing the behavior in question to be clearly identified as having a beginning and an end. In this case also the habit did not happen at such an extreme high rate that the event itself was difficult to record. Similarly, a self-monitoring method, while less costly and convenient, could prove ineffective as it is possible the act of self behavioural assessment may actually reduce the frequency of the habit, with the individual becoming highly aware of the behavior; and as a result consciously or subconsciously decrease the act of the behaviour. Results Results obtained from the self-monitoring of Participant Xs ring fidgeting habit over the 14 day, self monitoring period are illustrated in Figure 1 below. As the graph illustrates, participant Xs mean of ring fidgeting (M = 3.93) over the 14 day period proves relatively low. A range between extreme scores of 7 was obtained, while the lowest number of fidgets occurred on Day 14 and the highest on Day 7 of monitoring. It is hypothesized that due to the participants preoccupied nature, no incidences were recorded on day 14 of monitoring. It is possible that the reason for high detection of fidgets on Day 7 could be as a result of Xs high levels of stress and fatigue and anxiety associated with her university lifestyle. The frequency of the behavior increased for the first three days, decreased for a day, increased for the following three days, reaching its peak on Day 7. The behavior then decreased abruptly, occasionally increasing, before leveling off for two days and finally becoming undetectable by the last day of monitoring. Of all days, day 14 proved to be different to the other days of monitoring, with no detection of the habit recorded. Contextual Studying for university exams; recalling facts and information, usually when alone Working on assignments and essays; mainly when researching or planning, even writing, usually alone On the train/ waiting for train to go to university in the morning and afternoon- around people Feeling tired after long day at university or after long day studying; around people and when alone When not really doing anything; waiting to get home on the train, or waiting for the train Immediate Feeling stressed or worried about; exams, too many assignments; a lot to do, little time to do it in Feeling overwhelmed and stressed about amount of work needed to be done for university- things like assignments, studying for exams Frustration when not able to recall facts and information for exams Feelings of boredom when not doing much; usually when knows has much to do- specially when on the train to university or back home; as most of the time it is very busy and cannot do much university work- feels like she is wasting time Feeling annoyed about what is happening in life, even in the rest of the world (war etc)- annoyed at the fact that she may not be doing enough in regards of her assignment work or studying; some instances annoyance may be due to hearing something on the news or reading about something that she may not agree with Feeling tired- usually effects the participant in terms of lack of concentration and allows the patient to lose focus on the task The participant sometimes lacks self-confidence, sometimes feels anxious and uncertain when doing assignment work, university work or when in situations where things seem to go wrong unexpectedly The participant sometimes experiences feelings of overwhelm, annoyance and frustration when unable to do certain tasks; most prominently task relating to her university career Believes that she needs to do well at university and therefore is mindful of what she is required to do; must perform well in order to gain excellent qualifications and therefore build a relatively worthwhile career Knows that her university life depends on her ability to study efficiently; to produce high standard assignments for her psychology courses Also highly believes that what is happening in the world now is going to affect everyone and everything; including her family, her friends and herself- somehow hopes to make a difference which may lead again to the pressure which the patient feels when it comes to her career or in this case- how her university exams and assignments (grades) will impact on her ability to get to that level = pressure = anxiety, stress, frustration and feelings of overwhelm Ring Fidgeting Fidgeting, in this instance, was defined as engaging in one particular action, non-essential and external to ongoing tasks. Focus was primarily upon the manipulation of an object; in this case the action of fidgeting with a ring. Actions involved the individual using their right hand or left hand fingers to turn the ring into a circle around the finger of which the ring was present. The habit was observed during the participants waking hours. Immediate Reduction in anxiety and stress levels = feels calmer and peaceful Reduction in levels of frustration or disappointment Reduction in boredom = preoccupation- has a distraction from her anxiety provoking thoughts; feels like she is doing something and able to fill time Increase in ability to recall facts and information for university exams, ability to work efficiently and faster on assignments Increase in ability to focus and concentrate on the task at hand and make good progress on the task No reduction in level of tiredness; still reports to feel fatigue Reduction in self-consciousness Allows the patient to take time out from her busy life and reflect, possibly clear her thoughts Long Term Possible damage to surrounding skin areas Risk of infection if the behaviour becomes excessive As a result of above consequence; possible inability to write or type Possible loss of feeling if the behavior is excessive As a results of all these, the individual could experience little social acceptance meaning that as a result of the damage to skin areas, which does not look nice and is not very attractive- people around the individual may never make friends or even maybe marry This may lead to depression- as such a problems as being cast out of a social groups, or possibly never having a partner or friends can lead to the patient becoming depressed- feeling down, or feeling like everything may pointless and not worth it Negative reinforcement Negative reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Positive Reinforcement Positive Reinforcement Positive Punisher Negative reinforcement Positive Reinforcement Positive Punisher Positive Punisher Negative Punisher Negative Punisher Negative Punisher Positive Punisher As seen in the Table 1 above, participant X is a 19 year old female who has suffered from habitual ring fidgeting for the last year and a half. Historically, X reports the habit to have begun recently; possibly since the commencement of her university life. The behavior may also be as a result of observations, while her busy university lifestyle and lack of sleep may elicit, but not directly cause the occurrence of the habit. Contextually, Xs habit occurs during times when completing university assignments, studying for university tests at home, travelling to and from university or when really not doing anything; and reports feelings of anxiety, stress, worry, annoyance, frustration, fatigue or boredom when performing the behavior. She describes herself as lacking self-confidence, feeling pressured and uncertain at times about her university work, believing that she must perform well, while highly regarding current world events to play a part in her future. X reports that when fidget ing she experiences relief from anxiety, frustration, boredom and self-consciousness; and experiences increased ability to recall facts and information, concentrate and focus and to clear and reflect on her thoughts, but report little change in her level of tiredness. Long term consequences in this instance were not detected; as the client has experienced the habit for a short time. Hereby, based on the immediate consequences it can be said that the relief and increase in abilities which X feels when fidgeting appears to surpass any sort of immediate negative outcome the habit may impose. Discussion The aim of this study was to implement an effective treatment to reduce the occurrence of object fidgeting of a 19 year old female. It is hoped that through the implementation of this treatment the habit in question is effectively reduced and controlled by the participant. Frequency monitoring of the habit suggests that ring fidgeting in this case was not severe, as the mean fidgets over the 14 days were relatively low. The participant reports that she feels stressed, worried, annoyed, frustrated, tired or bored when performing the behavior; but reports that as a result she experiences relief from anxiety, frustration, boredom and self-consciousness; as well as increased ability to recall facts and information, concentrate and focus on the task at hand; but reports little change in her level of tiredness. The findings seem consistent with the literature outlined previously. As pointed out by Woods and Miltenberger (1996), nervous habits are prevalent in anxiety- provoking conditions; with object manipulation habits recorded when participants feel bored. In this case, the habit seemed to have been present in both types of situations, with immediate stimuli including feelings of anxiety, frustration and boredom. Overall, it is evident that in this case the habit was negatively reinforced by a decrease in tension, mainly through negative reinforcements, such as reductions in anxiety, stress and boredom. Additionally, the participant also reported self-stimulatory advantages, with an increase in focus and concentration. Nervous habits were also hypothesized to be caused by schedule-induced or adjunctive behaviours occurring as a result of time-based schedules such as fixed-time or fixed-interval schedules (Miltenberger et al., 1998). It is possible that Xs habit may be a way to fill in time between behaviours in everyday life and normal reinforces, or be due to the specific stimuli or events. Severe and long term consequences due to the habit could not be detected; but it can be postulated that were the habit to occur excessively, X would possibly be at risk of infection, could experience little social acceptance and as a result possibly depression. The frequency of ring fidgeting in this case was relatively small, causing no severe damage or impairment in the short term. But because of the possibility of it becoming over excessive, a modified version of habit reversal treatment could be implemented to reduce the habit. This method is proposed for this case as HRT has been successful in decreasing frequency of habits by 90% after implementation, with further increase after treatment. X will be exposed to the 3 stages of HRT: awareness training, competing response training and habit control motivation; as well as operant and anxiety reducing techniques. X will be exposed to response description, where she will be asked to describe and demonstrate in detail the actions and behaviours of the habit; response detection where those around X would report the occurrence of the habit immediately after each occurrence; an early warning system where the client will be taught to be aware of even the earliest signs of fidgeting and finally s ituation awareness training where the client will be made aware of the high risk situations in which fidgeting may occur. It is known that awareness training would be effective in this case by making the occurrence of the tic an aversive event (via evaluation or demand characteristics) or that monitoring activities serve as punishers for tic expression (Piacentini Chang, 2005), while also reducing frequency of the habit. Participant X will also be asked to develop a short, acceptable competing response, performed on each occasion when the participant feels the urge to fidget; implemented through shaping. In this case the action of placing her hands down by her side, simultaneously clenching her fists until tension is felt in both arms and hands, could serve as her CR. Shaping allows expression of the habit, while not blocking it but rather weakening the severe aspects of the habit behaviour. Appropriately, the habit could be shaped into more normal behaviours, meaning the CR should be designed to slow down the frequency of the habit, with X not eliciting the habit, but rather something different and appropriate, while also providing X with a different physical expression contingent, still allowing the reduction in negative feelings and positive outcomes. As more control is gained over the habit, the CR becomes increasingly more forceful with the ultimate goal of greater tic control (Piacentini Chang , 2005), and therefore fidgeting would be eliminate. In addition, several motivation procedures, including habit inconvenience and social support procedures are suggested. Reviews will be conducted in regards to the inconveniences experienced; allowing a breakdown of symptoms, while also enhancing motivation for treatment and serving as a step forward in the acceptance of the habit. Close individuals will also be asked to reinforce each habit free period and correct use of techniques. In addition to the 3 intervention stages discussed; X will also be exposed to several operant techniques, preferably through the manipulation of environmental contingencies. As there is a clear relationship between the habit and numerous contingencies, the participants habit free intervals, in the contexts where the habit is most frequent; will be positively reinforced each time; through a rewards system; boosting compliance, while ring fidgets would be pointed out but not rewarded. In addition, strategies of reducing anxiety and stress should be introduc ed as a clear relationship exists between stress and anxiety triggers and habit frequency. The participant should be taught possible relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing or muscle relaxation, asked to monitor her relaxation levels and instructed to use them before anxiety provoking or stressful events, hereby possibly never eliciting the habit or reducing it greatly. While the above intervention could be used in its entirety, it must be pointed out that the habit of ring fidgeting is was not overly severe. Results did indicate a relatively low mean for the behaviour, which does indicate the habit as present, but only in relatively low frequencies over 14 days. All stages of the treatment above would have been more appropriate if the participant may have actually experienced severe long term consequences, or possibly more punishers in terms of contingencies. As most of the contingencies proved to be reinforces of reductions in negative feelings, it is possible that anxiety management individually, would serve appropriate, as a clear relationship exists between stress and anxiety triggers and habit frequency. Operant techniques and reinforcement of fixed-habit free periods could also prove successful, as X would learn, after some time that a reward would be given each time the desirable behaviour occurs, in this case the absence of the habit. Aware ness training could also have been successful individually, as awareness of the habit to be an aversive event could reduce the habit and also serve as a possible punisher to the participant; hereby decreasing the habit and achieving the goal of this study. Because of the habit was detected as relatively low in frequency, possibly due the fact that X has only experience the habit for a short time; a general HRT treatment would be considered to be inappropriate as such treatment has been successful at treating more long term and highly excessive habits. Additionally, subjective self-monitoring and SORCK analyses used to analyze the patterns of antecedents and consequent events may not serve as valid in this case. Self monitoring in particular could prove ineffective, with a possibility that the act may actually reduce the frequency of the habit, with the individual becoming highly aware of the behavior; and as a result consciously or subconsciously decreasing the act of the behaviour. Similarly, SORCK analyses were in turn based on self- monitoring and recording, and could be deemed equally as subjective. This study was based on the habit frequency of one subject and not a population of the individuals experiencing ring fidgeting. As this is the case, it is highly hypothesized that the data itself could be rather subjective and non representative of the whole population. Many individuals who self monitor may do so incorrectly and subjectively, as some habits are engaged in without awareness and can be missed, while it is also possib le that participants could also underestimate overestimate occurences.